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Bhattacharjee, Debanjan; Agrawal, Adesh Kumar; Gowda, Guru S.
Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Address for correspondence: Dr. Debanjan Bhattacharjee, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru – 560 029, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Received May 10, 2021
Accepted July 21, 2021
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
World War 2 (WW2) has witnessed the rise of influential personalities such as Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt. Many causes have been recorded in a history as causes of WW2; however, we argue that there has been complex psychological interaction between the leaders involved in the background of a crisis charged with paranoia and anxiety. Personality factors of the leaders probably helped as a catalyst in setting a cascade of events that resulted in mass causality. We discuss the psychological aspect of WW2 taking examples of few involved personalities.
War is an armed conflict between groups having common factors in terms of identity, sense of solidarity between individuals, and personality (high neuroticism, extraversion, and low affability).[1,2,3] Among wars that happened in history, World War 2 (WW2) stood out and was considered the deadliest against the human race and the year 2020 marks the 75th anniversary of the official end of WW2. It began in Europe in 1939, and later included America and Asia, and became a global war. Several possible causes and theories of WW2 have been documented in history such as contemporary dynamic relationships, social, political, and economic problems. Here, we briefly relook into (a) the rise of several famous and powerful personalities such as Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, Franklin D Roosevelt, and Benito Mussolini in the sense of an atmosphere of uncertainty and anxiety in European countries; and (b) the perception of complex relationships between leaders through the psychological lens in the setting of a cascade of events in WW2.
PRELUDE
Both Germany and Italy experienced economic downturns after WW1, resulting in low self-esteem, identity, and negative psychological impact.[4,5,6,7] Both of these trends have led to mistrust of civic and political activities and decreased organizational and social operations.[5] Citizens are deprived of meaning and basic needs and have other similarities in terms of what they want to achieve. They can easily be inspired by the charismatic speech and personality of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy. Both charismatic personalities raise hope in the countrymen for the crisis of collective self-identity that was lost in the aftermath of the First World War.[8,9] Hence, it was possible for Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy to rise and become a powerful political leader. There can be an additional psychological underpinning basis of rising in power of both Hitler and Mussolini in Europe.
PERSONALITY AND FASCISM
Hitler had an authoritarian father, was more attached to his mother, and frequently witnessed family violence. He had many traumatic experiences with his father who used to become immediately violent and the attachment with his father has been described as an anxious-avoidant one.[10] Retrospectively, using the Coolidge Axis II inventory to understand Hitler’s personality, highest T scores were observed in paranoid, antisocial, narcissistic, and sadistic personality disorders.[11] His aggressive, antisocial, and dominant personality may have evolved from his complex family interactions. Hitler’s entry into political career occurred at the time of his adolescence which Erikson mentions as the period where individuals try to find an identity and his antisemitic ideas and other political ideologies can be conceptualized as a way to resolve the identity crisis by the age of 30 years.[12] According to Erich Fromm, Hitler failed to resolve his oedipal complex and transferred his unconscious desires onto his motherland Germany with a preoccupation of creating lebensraum and the eradication of Jews. Like Hitler, Mussolini has been described as malignant narcissistic.[13] Jung met both Hitler and Mussolini and found Mussolini to be warm and energetic as opposed to Hitler.[11] Mussolini on the other struggled from being a street-corner orator to the head of the government addressing thousands in crowds and emerged as a powerful orator and established fascism. On similar lines, fascism has been described to be based on mass psychology and a personality with a mixture of paranoid, aggressive, and schizoid personality traits.[14,15]
ONSET OF THE WAR
Winston Churchill led Britain whereas Germany and Italy were led by Hitler and Mussolini respectively. There were a hostile and uncertain environment and an increasing sense of paranoia among European leaders before the Second World War.[16] On September 3, 1939, in reaction to Hitler’s invasion of Poland, Britain, and France, both allies declared war on Germany. Churchill has been described as a Type I leader with great charisma and discipline. He had perfectionism and a great drive for power and aggression. Being a great motivational speaker with his famous V sign, he could move masses against the enemies.[17] Furthermore, his belief in his greatness and his tendency to project that view onto his country has been described as adaptive forms of narcissism or healthy narcissism as described by Kohut.[18] The act of war and aggression between Britain and Germany can be seen as a disturbance of the narcissistic equilibrium between Hitler and Churchill. In personality dynamics, projective identification occurs when a subject has an affect or impulse that he or she finds unacceptable and projects onto someone else as if it was really that other person who originated the affect or impulse.[19] Individuals with narcissism have fragile self-esteem and get easily hurt and threatened. They react by going to their grandiose self-image, especially in the background of insecurity and paranoia. Kohut described narcissistic rage in relation to aggression where individuals need to control their environment, go for revenge, and turn from a passive sense of victimization to an active role of giving pain to others when there is a disturbance in the narcissistic equilibrium. The rage is directed to a person who is in a self-object relationship with a narcissistic individual.[20] Later in1940, Mussolini from Italy joined with Hitler facing the threat of losing. In the face of threat, narcissistic individuals face unpleasant arousal which makes them get close to others for protection which can explain Mussolini’s behavior, Both Hitler and Mussolini had similar philosophies in terms of their concern for conquest and personality. Besides, both had a mutual idealization and recognition where both the self and the object admire each other in terms of narcissistic transference.[21]
THE GERMANRUSSIA CONFLICT
The phenomenon of mutual idealization and recognition has also been observed between Hitler of Germany and Stalin of Russia, who evolved as a dictator in Soviet Russia in the mid-1920’s. Both of the countries signed The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact which was a nonaggression pact. Stalin identified himself with Hitler and had admired each other on several occasions.[22] Stalin had a turbulent childhood where he was often traumatized by the disturbing relationship between his parents and witnessed violence and also faced the same. All these led him to have a negative self-image and an inferiority complex which he used to overcome by inflating self-esteem also described as malignant narcissism.[13,22,23,24] His narcissism was malignant to such an extent that he bluntly ignored the warnings from various sources of impending Nazi invasion of Russia.[13] This also highlights the importance of what mutual idealization has in a narcissistic relationship. However, he was also paranoid about Hitler about his relationships with Britain. Psychodynamically, paranoia originates in the development of an object relationship with the father and needs to maintain personal autonomy and can be activated by any anxiety-producing situations. The affected person identifies himself with the father who is the aggressor. Narcissism and the inner low self-esteem create a conflict in the unconscious mind. This phenomenon was quite common between both Stalin and Hitler.[22] The relationship between Hitler and Stalin started deteriorating following Molotov’s visit to Germany in 1940. Hitler got agitated by Molotov’s approach, who represented Russia and Stalin. Subsequently, Hitler attacked Russia. As in mutual idealization and recognition, if the other stops admiring or supporting then the self feels humiliated and can get expressed as aggression as a psychological phenomenon out of disturbance of narcissistic.[21] This phenomenon can explain the aftermath of Molotov’s visit to Germany.
AMERICA’S INVOLVEMENT
Franklin D Roosevelt, a contemporary of Hitler and Stalin, has been described as a master of public psychology. On personality assessment, he scored low in neuroticism and his focus was predominantly on the individual needs of people.[25] While other European countries adopted an aggressive approach, Roosevelt’s ability in calming fear and anger was one of his important achievements which can be viewed as an existential approach.[26] We see Roosevelt’s delay indirectly involving in the war during the crisis until Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan which can be attributed to his low neuroticism as it is negatively associated with aggression.
AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR 2
Post-WW 2 gave rise to a bipolar world with a conflict between America and the Soviet Union commonly referred to as the Cold War, where psychological warfare had a prominent role which was again shaped by the personalities of concerned leaders along with their ideological differences. This was followed by the fall of the Soviet Union and rise of American hegemony and the creation of a unipolar world.[27,28] The fight for predominant polarity has continued since then, and the personalities of the world leaders and ideological differences shape the foreign policies of individual countries. Hence, multilateral diplomacy and major conflicts in the recent past between nations need to be examined on a psychosocial basis.
CONCLUSION
Although there were various economic and political causes which might have resulted in WW2, we argue that there were obvious psychological factors behind WW2. As war is an act of aggression and violence and aggression is a psychological phenomenon which is influenced by personality. Although it will be unwise to determine the personality of anyone without personally meeting them, most of the leaders had deficits in some or other domains of personality functioning. We see how personality functioning can influence interpersonal dynamics and mass psychology. We also highlight Kohut’s theories on self-psychology and narcissistic rage in aggression and Erikson’s views on self-identity. Early-life anxieties and conflicts can lead to dysfunctional personality and aggressive behavior which is important to be identified.[29] WW2 may have been the outcome of these complex dynamics within them and between them, on one side a want to conquer and on the other side a psychological threat from the opponent to protect their state.[22] The contemporary situation in Europe and interpersonal dynamics has been a catalyst in setting the cascade of events in WW2 and hence personality functioning becomes an important aspect of an individual’s life and can have both positive and negative consequences.
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Keywords:
Interpersonal dynamics; mass psychology; personality; World War 2
© 2021 World Social Psychiatry | Published by Wolters Kluwer – Medknow
Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff of Russian Armed Forces Valery Gerasimov attend a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia February 27, 2022. Sputnik/Aleksey Nikolskyi/Kremlin via REUTERS/File Photo Purchase Licensing Rights, opens new tab
THE HAGUE, June 25 (Reuters) – The International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Sergei Shoigu, the former Russian defence minister, and leading Russian general Valery Gerasimov on Tuesday for alleged crimes committed during Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
In a press release, the court said judges had found there were “reasonable grounds to believe that the two suspects bear responsibility for missile strikes carried out by the Russian armed forces against the Ukrainian electric infrastructure from at least 10 October 2022 until at least 9 March 2023”.
The Russian officials were suspected of having committed war crimes and crimes against humanity for directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects in Ukraine.
Russia, which like Ukraine is not a member of the ICC, has repeatedly said Ukraine’s energy infrastructure is a legitimate military target and denies targeting civilians or civilian infrastructure.
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Reporting by Benoit Van Overstraeten and Stephanie Van den Berg; Editing by Alison Williams and Alex Richardson
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Russian President Vladimir Putin is reported to have replaced an official within his Federal Security Service (FSB) who laid the groundwork for his country’s full-scale invasion of neighboring Ukraine.
Sergei Beseda, 70, who served as head of the Federal Security Service’s (FSB) fifth directorate, has been replaced by Alexei Komkov, who formerly worked as deputy head of the spy agency, Russian investigative news website Important Stories reported on Saturday, citing two sources.
Newsweek couldn’t independently verify the claims and has contacted Russia’s Foreign Ministry for comment by email.
Putin reportedly relied on intelligence from the FSB’s fifth directorate when he launched his invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The fifth service is largely in charge of providing information about Ukraine’s political situation, gathering intelligence inside Russia and on former members of the Soviet Union.
Beseda was reportedly placed under house arrest in 2022—days after the war began—after falling out with Putin. Andrei Soldatov, a leading expert on the country’s security services, said at the time that the FSB attempted to downplay Beseda’s arrest, “presenting it as a mere questioning of the powerful general.”
“But now I’ve learned from my sources that this ‘mere questioning’ didn’t save Beseda from a cell in Lefortovo Prison,” he wrote in an opinion piece for independent Russian publication The Moscow Times.
A former employee of the FSB and an acquaintance of Beseda told Important Stories that Beseda formally retired from his position of Fifth Service head due to his age and became a personal adviser to Alexander Bortnikov, FSB director.
Mark Galeotti, the author of Putin’s Wars: From Chechnya to Ukraine, said in a thread on X, formerly Twitter, on Monday that he doesn’t believe that Beseda was replaced “for his failures around the start of the Ukraine war.”
“Revenge may be a dish best served cold, but 28 months later seems a tad too cold,” he said.
“Rather, it is that he has reached the compulsory retirement age of 70 and although he could stay in post by presidential decree, where his failings come in is in that he doesn’t have the political capital to get that, even if he wants to,” said Galeotti.
“Besides, he is not out in the cold, but is appointed an adviser to the director of the FSB, a usual sinecure. Had the [government] wanted to signal displeasure, it would have foregone this courtesy.”
President Vladimir Putin takes part in a wreath-laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow on June 22, 2024. Putin reportedly replaced an official within the FSB who laid the groundwork for…
President Vladimir Putin takes part in a wreath-laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow on June 22, 2024. Putin reportedly replaced an official within the FSB who laid the groundwork for the full-scale invasion of neighboring Ukraine. SERGEI GUNEYEV/POOL/AFP
Galeotti said that what is important is that Beseda’s replacement is Komkov, “who is a client of FSB 1st [Deputy] Director Sergei Korolev and former head of FSB’s Internal Security (ie: he knows where the bodies are buried).”
“Korolev has been meant to take over for years, his elevation stymied by a scandal, the war (and Putin’s dislike of churn in the security agency management), but also a strong ‘stop Korolev’ camp, including Beseda,” he wrote.
With Beseda gone, Korolev is likely to have the power base he needs to become FSB director, Galeotti argued.
“Besides, 73-year-old Bortnikov [he is 72] is ill and for years has been wanting to retire. This year, surely, he’ll be granted release by Putin, and presumably Korolev will take his place,” he added.
Galeotti said that Korolev will be a “dangerous” FSB director, who is “active, ruthless, smart and with organized crime connections.”
“He may well be even more dangerous for surviving dissidents at home and abroad, not least as he will have something to prove. However, for a little silver lining…this also marks the rise of a newer generation of security chiefs who do not have a personal relationship with Putin,” said Galeotti.
He added: “They are not of his era, not necessarily of his mindset. Not for a minute is Korolev a liberal, but would he go to the wall for Putin? I’m not so sure.”
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More on the New Abwehr Hypothesis
Investigate the Investigators!
GRU, the Russian Military Intelligence masks as FBI – (?!). Do we know about it? Do we think about it? | Suspect in Capitol car attack posted about fears of FBI and CIA week before ramming officer. | M.N.: FBI: Declassify and disclose all the background information on Noah Green. His name might also be a “telling name”. Those who are in the know might guess what it means. Try to unravel the mysteries of the situation by examining closely this person’s life and his connections.
“The same day, Green uploaded an image of a certificate that appeared to recognize a gift he had made to the Nation of Islam of $1,085.”
M.N.: This number: $1,085 is odd (not the usual even number, such as $1,000, $2,000, etc.), therefore it might contain the message; I think, most likely it points to a year in the World History: year 1085. The most notable events of that year in history appear to be: 1. Completion of the “Domesday Book“, and 2. The beginning of the introduction of the paper money in China: The output of copper currency for the Chinese Song Dynasty reaches 6 billion coins a year, prompting the Chinese government to adopt the world’s first paper-printed money later in the 1120s.’
Both events can be viewed as the references and allusions to the present day situations and circumstances: “the doomsday scenario” for the Western Civilization and the “America as the global monetary printing press“.
The allusions to the WW2 may also be present: The Operation Doomsday of the WW2.
These allusions and references lift the veil (deliberately semitransparent) over the minds, mentality, and the backgrounds of the putative masterminds of these hypothetical intelligence operations. In my opinion, humble or not, they are the leaders and the functionaries of the New Abwehr, the hypothetical construct which I use in the attempts to analyze and to understand these phenomena. This point of view is supported by the the quite visible activization of the Extreme Rightist and the frankly Fascist political and social movements and groups.
The twist in this concept is that after the WW2 the remnants of the Nazi Abwehr adopted the anti-Hitler and the anti-Nazi stance, outlooks, and “ideologies”, placing them in the Leftist camp. However, the New Abwehr stays high above all the transient political plays and frays, it is concerned mostly with the overcoming the effects of the formal German defeat in the WW2 and their many feelings of guilt, sorrows, recriminations, post mortem analyses, repetition compulsions elements, rationalizations, etc., etc. Their main preoccupations are the German dominance in the World, the new World order (“my way”, anyway), and the global political and economic matters which are their tools in governing the World.
This concept of mine may be right or wrong but it has to be considered and explored further, if we really want to get to the Truth.
Michael Novakhov | 8:42 AM 4/4/2021 – Post Link
Was Noah Green the weaponized target of the GRU (Russian Military Intelligence) which is masked as the FBI Cointelpro? – Google Search
Just like the scores of others involved in the similar incidents and accidents?
Does the FBI investigate this hypothesis?
Post Link
Red Hood and the Bad Gray Wolf – Google Images
Suspect in Capitol car attack posted about fears of FBI and CIA week before ramming officer
A moment of strike on Sevastopol beach. Screenshot: video on social media
The Russian occupation authorities of Crimea and the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation have claimed a Ukrainian attack on Sevastopol, which killed five people, including three children, and injured over 120 others.
Source: Mikhail Razvozhayev, the so-called governor of Sevastopol, on Telegram; Russian Defence Ministry on Telegram; Russian state-owned news agencies RIA Novosti, TASS
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Details: The Russian Ministry of Defence reported an alleged attack on “the civilian infrastructure of the city of Sevastopol with US-supplied ATACMS tactical missiles equipped with cluster warheads”.
Russia’s Defence Ministry also acknowledged that civilian casualties had occurred due to Russian air defence operations.
“During the repulsion of the terrorist attack, four US-made ATACMS missiles were shot down by the on-duty air defence units. Another missile deviated from its flight path due to the impact of air defence systems at the final stage, with its warhead exploding in the air above the city,” the ministry said.
Civilians have been injured, Russia’s Ministry of Defence says, “due to the fall of shrapnel from cluster submunitions”.
Mikhail Razvozhayev, the so-called governor of Sevastopol, confirmed three deaths, including two children, and over 100 injuries.
He also lamented that the strike took place on Holy Trinity Day, despite the fact that the Russian Federation attacked Ukraine all the same, specifically Kyiv Oblast and Kharkiv, both day and night.
The assistant to the Russian health minister stated that the attack on Sevastopol injured 124 people, including 27 children.
According to social media, people were killed on Sevastopol’s Uchkuyivka beach.
Yuri Grishan, the mayor of Magadan, stated that the attack killed the daughter of Magadan’s deputy mayor, Oleg Averyanov, who was on holiday with her parents in Sevastopol, according to TASS.
Later, Razvozhaev claimed that the number of people who were injured had risen to five, out of whom three were children.
In addition, he stated that five children are in intensive care, while the rest of the people affected by the attack received injuries of light and moderate severity.
Background:
This news has been updated since publication.
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Intelligence Assessment of More Deaths Among Israeli Hostages Fuels Concern Foundation for Defense of Democracies